Abstract

The increasing global demand for sustainable agricultural practices has driven the development of eco-friendly alternatives to chemical fertilizers. This study investigated the microbial dynamics and nutrient transformations during the production of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) using organic waste and manure. The objective was to evaluate shifts in microbial populations and nutrient profiles, specifically organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium during fermentation. The fermentation process was analyzed at three stages: day 0 (POC1), day 12 (POC2) and day 24 (POC3), with metagenomic sequencing performed to examine microbial shifts and nutrient content. Results revealed a significant reduction in organic carbon, accompanied by a decrease in the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, indicating microbial utilization of carbon as an energy source. Nitrogen content progressively increased due to the microbial conversion of ammonia into nitrate. Phosphorus exhibited fluctuating levels, peaking at day 12 and decreasing by day 24, while potassium levels steadily increased. Microbial analysis showed a shift from bacterial dominance (Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) in POC1 to fungal dominance (Ascomycota) in POC3, with Penicillium potentially playing a key role in lignocellulose degradation. These microbial shifts were essential for transforming organic matter into a nutrient-rich fertilizer. This study highlighted the importance of microbial succession in optimizing LOF production and its potential to improve the sustainability of agricultural practices. Future research should focus on controlling potential pathogens in LOF for safe agricultural use.