Abstract

Reforestation has become a global priority for combating climate change, restoring degraded ecosystems, and sustaining livelihoods, particularly for forest-dependent communities. Green India Mission (GIM) plays a critical role in promoting large-scale reforestation efforts in India. This study evaluated the effectiveness of GIM initiatives in Balangir District, Odisha, focusing on the benefits achieved and the challenges faced by local communities. The research utilized a semi-structured survey of 60 participants, supported by descriptive statistics, multivariate probit modeling, and structural equation modeling to identify factors shaping perceptions of reforestation. The results revealed that 30% of respondents reported enhanced forest cover and ecosystem health, 20% cited climate change mitigation benefits, and 15% observed livelihood improvements. Multivariate probit modeling indicated a strong positive relationship between age and beliefs about reforestation (P = 0.041), and between sources of income and strong belief in reforestation benefits (P = 0.000). Structural equation modeling demonstrated significant associations between agricultural experience and climate responsibility, and between risk awareness and perceptions of reforestation benefits. Recognition of reforestation's importance also significantly improved the ability to address displacement (β = 0.330) and land access issues (β = 0.111). The findings underscore the critical need for inclusive, community-driven strategies to enhance the impact and sustainability of GIM and similar reforestation programs.